Portal:Biology

Biology is the scientific study of life. It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. For instance, all organisms are composed of at least one cell that processes hereditary information encoded in genes, which can be transmitted to future generations. Another major theme is evolution, which explains the unity and diversity of life. Energy processing is also important to life as it allows organisms to move, grow, and reproduce. Finally, all organisms can regulate their own internal environments. (Full article...)

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Metabolism (/məˈtæbəlɪzəm/, from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. The three main functions of metabolism are: the conversion of the energy in food to energy available to run cellular processes; the conversion of food to building blocks of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates; and the elimination of metabolic wastes. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transportation of substances into and between different cells, in which case the above described set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary (or intermediate) metabolism.

Metabolic reactions may be categorized as catabolic—the breaking down of compounds (for example, of glucose to pyruvate by cellular respiration); or anabolic—the building up (synthesis) of compounds (such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids). Usually, catabolism releases energy, and anabolism consumes energy. (Full article...)

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Period: 2024-11-01 to 2024-11-30

Total views: 11,959,477

Updated: 05:06, 5 December 2024 (UTC)

Rank	Page title	Views	Daily average	Assessment	Importance
1	Shyamala Gopalan	678,030	22,601	C	Low
2	Sex	544,711	18,157	B	Top
3	Animal	161,084	5,369	GA	Top
4	Ejaculation	155,435	5,181	C	Mid
5	Aristotle	132,649	4,421	GA	Top
6	Charles Darwin	110,329	3,677	FA	Top
7	Typhoid fever	94,152	3,138	B	Low
8	DNA	86,442	2,881	FA	Top
9	Hydrogen	85,979	2,865	FA	Unknown
10	Taxonomy (biology)	85,254	2,841	GA	High
11	Organ (biology)	84,238	2,807	C	High
12	Hermaphrodite	72,198	2,406	C	High
13	Oxygen	69,419	2,313	FA	Unknown
14	Ovulation	68,969	2,298	B	Low
15	Virus	68,701	2,290	FA	Top
16	Plant	68,629	2,287	GA	Top
17	Death	68,111	2,270	B	Top
18	Extraterrestrial life	66,892	2,229	C	High
19	Sexual dimorphism	66,766	2,225	B	High
20	Alice Roberts	66,205	2,206	B	Low
21	Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event	63,671	2,122	FA	High
22	List of common misconceptions	63,523	2,117	List	Mid
23	Taxonomic rank	62,037	2,067	B	Mid
24	Sarcoidosis	60,079	2,002	B	Mid
25	Louis Pasteur	59,462	1,982	B	High
26	Species	59,426	1,980	GA	Top
27	Bacteria	58,413	1,947	FA	Top
28	Nitrogen	57,788	1,926	GA	Unknown
29	Life	57,224	1,907	GA	Top
30	Carbon	56,012	1,867	GA	Unknown
31	Twin	55,784	1,859	B	Mid
32	Genus	54,877	1,829	C	Mid
33	Biology	53,020	1,767	GA	Top
34	Nervous system	52,656	1,755	B	High
35	Cell (biology)	51,365	1,712	C	Top
36	Kingdom (biology)	51,149	1,704	B	Mid
37	Evolution	46,658	1,555	FA	Top
38	Carl Linnaeus	46,440	1,548	GA	Top
39	Extinction	46,391	1,546	C	High
40	Parasitism	46,307	1,543	GA	High
41	Parthenogenesis	45,596	1,519	C	High
42	Disease	44,752	1,491	B	High
43	Abiogenesis	44,466	1,482	GA	High
44	Adolescence	43,332	1,444	B	Mid
45	Menstruation	43,269	1,442	B	Low
46	Conservation status	42,459	1,415	C	Mid
47	List of longest-living organisms	41,927	1,397	List	Low
48	Sexual reproduction	41,001	1,366	C	Mid
49	Extinction event	40,793	1,359	B	High
50	Pituitary gland	40,565	1,352	C	Mid
51	Apex predator	39,678	1,322	GA	Low
52	Blood pressure	39,478	1,315	B	Low
53	Neuron	39,334	1,311	B	High
54	Behavioral sink	38,992	1,299	C	Mid
55	White blood cell	38,630	1,287	B	Mid
56	Strangling	37,401	1,246	C	Low
57	Vivisection	37,284	1,242	C	High
58	Organism	37,187	1,239	GA	Top
59	Conjoined twins	36,953	1,231	C	Low
60	Jagadish Chandra Bose	36,641	1,221	B	Mid
61	Gregor Mendel	35,879	1,195	B	Mid
62	Female	35,412	1,180	C	Top
63	Biotechnology	35,132	1,171	C	Low
64	Endemism	34,588	1,152	C	High
65	Health	34,281	1,142	B	High
66	James Watson	34,019	1,133	B	High
67	Lymph node	33,894	1,129	C	Mid
68	Rosalind Franklin	33,811	1,127	B	High
69	Bret Weinstein	33,375	1,112	C	Low
70	Developmental coordination disorder	33,224	1,107	B	Mid
71	Binomial nomenclature	32,951	1,098	C	Mid
72	Female reproductive system	32,951	1,098	C	High
73	Homeostasis	32,846	1,094	C	High
74	Bipedalism	32,305	1,076	B	Mid
75	Color	32,095	1,069	C	Low
76	Infant	31,802	1,060	B	Mid
77	Anatomy	31,771	1,059	GA	Top
78	Fossil	31,493	1,049	B	High
79	Child	31,299	1,043	B	Mid
80	Protozoa	30,702	1,023	C	High
81	Male	30,554	1,018	C	Top
82	Sammy Basso	30,456	1,015	C	Low
83	Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua	30,406	1,013	Start	Mid
84	Anger	30,128	1,004	B	Mid
85	Homosexual behavior in animals	29,795	993	C	Low
86	Thalassemia	29,791	993	B	Mid
87	DNA and RNA codon tables	28,772	959	FL	High
88	Childbirth	28,743	958	B	Top
89	Nail clubbing	28,699	956	C	Low
90	Prednisolone	28,508	950	C	Mid
91	Genetics	28,024	934	FA	Top
92	Protist	27,785	926	B	Low
93	Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale	27,758	925	C	Low
94	Last universal common ancestor	27,667	922	GA	Mid
95	Symbiosis	27,480	916	C	Mid
96	Plankton	26,838	894	C	High
97	Microorganism	26,646	888	GA	Top
98	Intelligence	26,595	886	B	High
99	Microscope	26,503	883	C	High
100	Epidemiology	26,411	880	C	Low
101	Physiology	26,324	877	B	High
102	Domain (biology)	26,254	875	B	Mid
103	Ecology	26,211	873	GA	Top
104	Hybrid (biology)	26,044	868	GA	Mid
105	Drake equation	25,734	857	B	High
106	Natural selection	25,493	849	GA	Top
107	Miscarriage	24,922	830	B	Mid
108	Family (biology)	24,505	816	Start	Mid
109	Visual snow syndrome	24,390	813	Start	Low
110	Race and intelligence	24,217	807	C	Mid
111	Linus Pauling	23,865	795	B	High
112	Male reproductive system	23,827	794	C	Mid
113	History of HIV/AIDS	23,691	789	B	High
114	Unethical human experimentation in the United States	23,609	786	B	Low
115	Aquiline nose	23,497	783	C	Low
116	Paleontology	23,392	779	GA	Top
117	Old age	23,362	778	B	Mid
118	Domestication	22,938	764	GA	Mid
119	Sense	22,906	763	B	Mid
120	Galen	22,839	761	B	High
121	HeLa	22,828	760	C	Low
122	Botany	22,450	748	GA	High
123	Multiple birth	22,339	744	C	Low
124	Biochemistry	22,247	741	C	High
125	Closed-eye hallucination	22,207	740	C	Low
126	Defecation	22,200	740	C	Low
127	Mutation	22,169	738	B	Top
128	Neontology	22,149	738	Start	Mid
129	Basal metabolic rate	22,059	735	C	Mid
130	Infidelity	22,058	735	B	Mid
131	Secondary sex characteristic	21,856	728	C	Mid
132	Germ theory of disease	21,545	718	C	Low
133	Neuroscience	21,319	710	B	High
134	Unicellular organism	21,090	703	C	Low
135	Reproduction	20,896	696	B	High
136	Entomology	20,863	695	C	High
137	Breast milk	20,861	695	C	Mid
138	Antonie van Leeuwenhoek	20,719	690	B	High
139	Handedness	20,671	689	C	Low
140	Adipose tissue	20,174	672	B	Mid
141	Metamorphosis	20,166	672	C	Mid
142	Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	20,106	670	B	High
143	Neoteny	20,015	667	B	Low
144	Largest organisms	19,987	666	Start	High
145	Competition	19,502	650	C	Top
146	Order (biology)	19,438	647	C	High
147	Alexander von Humboldt	19,373	645	B	Top
148	Francis Crick	19,349	644	B	High
149	Carnivore	19,225	640	B	Low
150	Anus	18,897	629	Start	Mid
151	Embryo	18,883	629	B	Mid
152	Ambidexterity	18,789	626	Start	Low
153	Implantation (embryology)	18,449	614	C	Mid
154	Pelagic zone	18,396	613	C	Mid
155	Wildlife	18,339	611	C	High
156	Mitochondrial Eve	18,246	608	B	Mid
157	Bioinformatics	18,133	604	C	Low
158	Preadolescence	17,710	590	Start	Mid
159	Incense	17,559	585	C	Mid
160	Lordosis behavior	17,549	584	Start	Low
161	History of life	17,512	583	GA	Top
162	List of life sciences	17,377	579	List	Mid
163	Composition of the human body	16,961	565	C	Low
164	Life on Mars	16,951	565	B	Mid
165	Megadiverse countries	16,798	559	Start	Mid
166	Biological warfare	16,663	555	B	Mid
167	Senescence	16,580	552	C	Mid
168	Zoology	16,546	551	B	Top
169	Human feces	16,522	550	C	High
170	Ageing	16,416	547	B	High
171	Genetic code	16,254	541	GA	Top
172	Albinism in humans	16,251	541	C	Low
173	Hadal zone	16,177	539	C	Mid
174	Extant taxon	16,074	535	Redirect	NA
175	Macrophage	15,896	529	B	Low
176	Exponential growth	15,837	527	B	Low
177	Stress (biology)	15,727	524	C	High
178	Natural History Museum, London	15,655	521	C	Mid
179	Floater	15,636	521	B	Low
180	List of organisms by chromosome count	15,614	520	List	Low
181	Human reproduction	15,517	517	C	High
182	Biological immortality	15,507	516	B	Top
183	Emergence	15,455	515	Start	Mid
184	De-extinction	15,359	511	C	Mid
185	Robert Koch	15,299	509	C	High
186	Adult	15,253	508	B	Mid
187	Biosphere	15,211	507	C	Top
188	CRISPR gene editing	15,179	505	B	Top
189	Polyphenol	15,067	502	Start	Low
190	Littoral zone	14,959	498	Start	Mid
191	Fiber	14,882	496	C	Mid
192	Living fossil	14,799	493	C	Mid
193	Commensalism	14,673	489	C	Mid
194	Father	14,664	488	C	Mid
195	The Selfish Gene	14,583	486	B	Mid
196	Birth rate	14,554	485	C	Mid
197	Ethology	14,538	484	B	High
198	Monosaccharide	14,484	482	C	High
199	Toddler	14,447	481	Start	Mid
200	Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw	14,446	481	B	Low
201	Mother	14,251	475	C	High
202	Stromatolite	14,198	473	B	Low
203	Violence	14,077	469	C	Mid
204	Cosmopolitan distribution	14,076	469	Start	Mid
205	Molecular biology	13,953	465	C	Top
206	Thomas N. Seyfried	13,881	462	Start	Low
207	Jared Diamond	13,857	461	B	Mid
208	Panspermia	13,789	459	B	Low
209	Alfred Russel Wallace	13,713	457	FA	High
210	Adolescent sexuality	13,572	452	B	Mid
211	In situ	13,568	452	Start	Unknown
212	Sex allocation	13,271	442	C	Low
213	Biology and sexual orientation	13,211	440	C	Mid
214	Sibling	13,206	440	C	Mid
215	Venki Ramakrishnan	13,190	439	B	Mid
216	List of causes of death by rate	13,141	438	List	Low
217	Male pregnancy	13,126	437	B	Low
218	Ronald Fisher	13,088	436	B	High
219	Habitable zone	13,085	436	B	Low
220	Cell biology	12,945	431	C	High
221	Lordosis	12,940	431	C	Low
222	Scientific law	12,842	428	C	Mid
223	Beta thalassemia	12,807	426	B	Mid
224	Torpor	12,800	426	C	Mid
225	He Jiankui affair	12,749	424	C	High
226	Gravidity and parity	12,725	424	C	Mid
227	Keystone species	12,693	423	GA	Low
228	Tradition	12,541	418	B	Mid
229	Selective breeding	12,540	418	C	Mid
230	John M. Jumper	12,501	416	Start	Low
231	Morphology (biology)	12,486	416	C	Low
232	Earliest known life forms	12,451	415	C	High
233	Sneeze	12,406	413	Start	Low
234	Thermoregulation	12,360	412	C	Mid
235	Human–animal hybrid	12,265	408	C	Low
236	Gerontology	12,234	407	B	Mid
237	Caenorhabditis elegans	12,220	407	GA	Top
238	Sex ratio	11,935	397	Start	Mid
239	Coolidge effect	11,824	394	Start	Low
240	Moulting	11,788	392	C	High
241	Robin Wall Kimmerer	11,745	391	C	Low
242	Flora	11,625	387	C	High
243	Marine life	11,576	385	B	High
244	Christine Grady	11,326	377	Start	Low
245	Microbiology	11,281	376	C	Mid
246	Nerve	11,274	375	C	High
247	List of human hormones	11,237	374	List	Mid
248	Excretion	11,107	370	Start	High
249	Lists of animals	11,042	368	List	High
250	Chirality	11,038	367	B	Mid
251	Phosphene	11,013	367	C	Mid
252	Cryopreservation	10,953	365	C	Low
253	Crying	10,873	362	C	Low
254	Mebendazole	10,809	360	C	Mid
255	Parenchyma	10,764	358	Start	Mid
256	Respiration (physiology)	10,652	355	Start	High
257	William Harvey	10,587	352	C	High
258	Visual perception	10,565	352	C	Low
259	Convention on Biological Diversity	10,467	348	C	Mid
260	Violence against Muslims in independent India	10,423	347	B	Mid
261	Natural history	10,375	345	C	High
262	Color vision	10,350	345	C	High
263	Abyssal zone	10,344	344	Start	Low
264	Fauna	10,336	344	C	High
265	Vaginal flatulence	10,300	343	Stub	Low
266	Flow cytometry	10,274	342	C	Low
267	Insemination	10,269	342	C	Mid
268	Heritability of IQ	10,217	340	C	Low
269	Smallest organisms	10,204	340	C	Mid
270	Lynn Margulis	10,202	340	B	High
271	Biological engineering	10,154	338	C	High
272	Forced fatherhood	10,132	337	Start	Mid
273	Human voice	10,116	337	B	Mid
274	Astrobiology	10,062	335	B	High
275	Protein folding	10,026	334	C	Low
276	Synanthrope	10,000	333	Start	Low
277	Sex differences in humans	9,981	332	C	High
278	Senicide	9,937	331	C	Mid
279	In vitro	9,930	331	C	Mid
280	Melanism	9,898	329	C	Low
281	Human overpopulation	9,884	329	C	Low
282	Goose bumps	9,838	327	Start	Mid
283	Har Gobind Khorana	9,820	327	C	High
284	Toxicology	9,818	327	C	High
285	Anthropometry	9,780	326	C	Low
286	Polycephaly	9,692	323	B	Mid
287	Homogeneity and heterogeneity	9,686	322	C	Mid
288	Food safety	9,656	321	C	Mid
289	Animal testing	9,623	320	GA	Mid
290	Gestation	9,545	318	Start	Mid
291	RNA world	9,429	314	C	Mid
292	Rainbow baby	9,339	311	Start	Low
293	Life extension	9,275	309	B	Mid
294	Detritus	9,274	309	C	Mid
295	Vitalism	9,252	308	B	High
296	Biological agent	9,223	307	C	Mid
297	Tooth	9,217	307	B	Low
298	The Naked Woman	9,212	307	Stub	Low
299	Subcutaneous tissue	9,158	305	Start	Low
300	Birth	9,090	303	C	Mid
301	Albert Bourla	9,055	301	C	Low
302	Evolutionary biology	9,042	301	C	Top
303	List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine	9,028	300	FL	High
304	Benthic zone	8,913	297	C	Low
305	Native American disease and epidemics	8,889	296	C	Mid
306	Hydrosphere	8,879	295	C	High
307	Marine biology	8,866	295	C	High
308	Three-domain system	8,850	295	C	High
309	Acedia	8,738	291	Start	Low
310	Free energy principle	8,738	291	C	Low
311	Ectotherm	8,715	290	Start	Mid
312	Embryology	8,643	288	C	Mid
313	Hypothetical types of biochemistry	8,607	286	C	Low
314	Offspring	8,595	286	Start	Mid
315	Immortalised cell line	8,538	284	C	Mid
316	Single parent	8,535	284	B	Mid
317	Tongue map	8,511	283	Start	Mid
318	Abyssal plain	8,481	282	GA	Low
319	Animal suicide	8,472	282	C	Mid
320	Biological life cycle	8,455	281	C	High
321	Introduced species	8,433	281	B	Low
322	Sequential hermaphroditism	8,370	279	B	Low
323	Linnaean taxonomy	8,282	276	C	Top
324	List of mammals displaying homosexual behavior	8,196	273	List	Mid
325	Chromostereopsis	8,187	272	C	Low
326	List of animals displaying homosexual behavior	8,147	271	List	Low
327	Theophrastus	8,121	270	C	High
328	Square–cube law	8,111	270	Start	Mid
329	Ribose	8,088	269	B	High
330	Root	8,078	269	B	Mid
331	Biomimetics	8,062	268	C	High
332	Alar Karis	8,028	267	Start	Low
333	Development of the human body	7,966	265	C	High
334	Animal echolocation	7,962	265	GA	Mid
335	Body shape	7,957	265	C	Low
336	Male lactation	7,839	261	C	Low
337	Biostasis	7,813	260	C	Unknown
338	Extraterrestrial intelligence	7,789	259	Start	Low
339	Gastrulation	7,764	258	C	High
340	Hematophagy	7,764	258	C	Mid
341	Abiotic component	7,721	257	Start	Low
342	Catgut	7,710	257	C	Low
343	Virus classification	7,644	254	C	High
344	Biomechanics	7,572	252	C	High
345	Hypercarnivore	7,506	250	Start	Low
346	List of sovereign states by sex ratio	7,455	248	List	Low
347	Xenophilia	7,415	247	Start	Low
348	Evolution of sexual reproduction	7,358	245	B	Mid
349	Designer baby	7,328	244	B	High
350	Catechin	7,326	244	Start	Mid
351	Human sex pheromones	7,319	243	Start	Low
352	Host (biology)	7,304	243	GA	High
353	Child development stages	7,277	242	List	High
354	Lipid bilayer	7,209	240	GA	High
355	Female promiscuity	7,207	240	C	Low
356	Classification	7,177	239	C	Mid
357	Erythropoiesis	7,172	239	C	Mid
358	Blastocyst	7,135	237	C	Low
359	Motility	7,133	237	Start	Low
360	Symmetry in biology	7,092	236	C	High
361	Human microbiome	7,064	235	B	Mid
362	Gary Ruvkun	7,048	234	B	Low
363	Common descent	7,029	234	B	High
364	J. B. S. Haldane	7,013	233	C	Low
365	Phosphorylation	6,991	233	C	Low
366	Bioethics	6,963	232	Start	Mid
367	Lists of organisms by population	6,935	231	List	Low
368	Mesopelagic zone	6,892	229	C	Mid
369	Biologist	6,837	227	C	High
370	Desiccation	6,810	227	C	Low
371	Victor Ambros	6,794	226	C	Low
372	Levomefolic acid	6,774	225	C	Low
373	Biophysics	6,750	225	C	Mid
374	Anastomosis	6,713	223	C	Low
375	Dormancy	6,681	222	C	High
376	Aestivation	6,660	222	C	High
377	Electroreception and electrogenesis	6,654	221	GA	Low
378	Age of consent reform	6,614	220	C	Low
379	Georges Cuvier	6,579	219	B	High
380	Enteric fever	6,568	218	Stub	Low
381	Koch's postulates	6,561	218	C	Mid
382	Parent	6,519	217	C	Mid
383	Organ (anatomy)	6,506	216	Redirect	NA
384	Sexual characteristics	6,480	216	Start	Low
385	Fine motor skill	6,443	214	C	Mid
386	Baby boom	6,427	214	Start	Low
387	Warm-blooded	6,404	213	Start	Mid
388	Artificial womb	6,389	212	C	Low
389	Invented tradition	6,367	212	C	Low
390	David Phoenix	6,358	211	C	Low
391	Biological specificity	6,316	210	Start	Mid
392	Hearing	6,259	208	C	Low
393	Barbara McClintock	6,151	205	FA	Mid
394	Molecular machine	6,131	204	C	Mid
395	Age of consent reform in the United Kingdom	6,131	204	C	Low
396	Triploid syndrome	6,115	203	Start	Low
397	Hormesis	6,089	202	Start	Low
398	Binocular vision	6,033	201	Start	Low
399	Dissection	6,032	201	B	High
400	Sleep cycle	6,030	201	C	Mid
401	Phenotypic trait	5,997	199	Start	Mid
402	Cleavage (embryo)	5,984	199	C	Low
403	Ontogeny	5,970	199	B	Mid
404	Thanatology	5,960	198	Start	Low
405	Afterimage	5,944	198	C	Low
406	Electroejaculation	5,937	197	Start	Low
407	Biogeography	5,844	194	Start	Mid
408	Life on Venus	5,826	194	C	Mid
409	Gas exchange	5,823	194	Start	Mid
410	Mathematical and theoretical biology	5,789	192	C	High
411	Howard Hughes Medical Institute	5,647	188	C	Mid
412	Icelandic Phallological Museum	5,638	187	FA	Low
413	Janaki Ammal	5,603	186	B	Low
414	Artificial life	5,601	186	B	Mid
415	Depth perception	5,599	186	Start	Low
416	Disease vector	5,580	186	Start	Low
417	Bioreactor	5,567	185	C	Low
418	Blind spot (vision)	5,551	185	Start	Low
419	Recapitulation theory	5,481	182	C	Mid
420	History of malaria	5,478	182	GA	High
421	Biological system	5,425	180	C	Mid
422	Brother	5,421	180	C	Mid
423	Life support	5,370	179	Start	Mid
424	List of extinction events	5,359	178	List	Mid
425	Relict (biology)	5,334	177	C	Low
426	Sexual maturity	5,333	177	Start	Mid
427	Plant reproductive morphology	5,288	176	C	Low
428	Colony-forming unit	5,277	175	C	Low
429	Lepidopterology	5,263	175	C	Low
430	Magnetoreception	5,174	172	GA	Mid
431	Luigi Galvani	5,170	172	Start	Mid
432	Masha and Dasha Krivoshlyapova	5,154	171	C	Mid
433	Boring Billion	5,105	170	GA	Low
434	Cross-link	5,083	169	C	Mid
435	Ectoderm	5,054	168	C	Low
436	Secondary metabolite	5,051	168	Start	Low
437	History of evolutionary thought	5,050	168	FA	High
438	Semelparity and iteroparity	5,009	166	C	Low
439	Pair bond	5,006	166	Start	Mid
440	Animal embryonic development	5,002	166	Start	Mid
441	List of unsolved problems in biology	4,982	166	List	Mid
442	Internal fertilization	4,968	165	Start	High
443	Conservation biology	4,926	164	B	High
444	Long-term memory	4,904	163	C	Low
445	Aerobic organism	4,891	163	Start	Mid
446	Flagellate	4,849	161	C	Low
447	Model organism	4,823	160	B	Mid
448	Viscera	4,782	159	Redirect	NA
449	Plastination	4,760	158	C	Mid
450	Microtome	4,742	158	C	Mid
451	Life on Titan	4,738	157	B	Low
452	Biological process	4,707	156	Start	High
453	Frances Arnold	4,693	156	B	High
454	Dryland farming	4,678	155	Start	Low
455	Hans Krebs (biochemist)	4,677	155	C	Mid
456	Malesia	4,669	155	C	Mid
457	Purple Earth hypothesis	4,664	155	Start	Low
458	Developmental biology	4,651	155	C	High
459	Biological interaction	4,643	154	C	High
460	First universal common ancestor	4,626	154	Start	Unknown
461	Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed	4,620	154	B	Low
462	Accommodation (vertebrate eye)	4,603	153	C	Mid
463	Miraculous births	4,572	152	B	Mid
464	Superorganism	4,549	151	B	Mid
465	Electromagnetic radiation and health	4,541	151	C	High
466	Alerce Milenario	4,540	151	Start	Low
467	Cellular senescence	4,537	151	C	Low
468	Folding@home	4,534	151	B	Mid
469	Craniocervical instability	4,503	150	Start	Unknown
470	Exercise physiology	4,495	149	B	Low
471	Craig Venter	4,480	149	C	Mid
472	Primer (molecular biology)	4,451	148	Start	Mid
473	Photoperiodism	4,450	148	C	Mid
474	Quantum biology	4,431	147	C	High
475	Acclimatization	4,428	147	C	High
476	Autotomy	4,420	147	Start	Mid
477	The Voyage of the Beagle	4,363	145	Start	Unknown
478	Antimalarial medication	4,333	144	C	High
479	Biological Weapons Convention	4,321	144	B	Low
480	Photic zone	4,316	143	Start	Mid
481	Native species	4,311	143	Start	Mid
482	History of virology	4,274	142	B	High
483	Thermal comfort	4,271	142	B	Low
484	Sister	4,266	142	Start	Low
485	Glossary of biology	4,245	141	C	Mid
486	Torus fracture	4,239	141	C	Low
487	Sororicide	4,227	140	C	Low
488	Humanized mouse	4,227	140	Start	Low
489	Thomas Hunt Morgan	4,220	140	B	High
490	Ronald Ross	4,209	140	C	Mid
491	List of unusual biological names	4,194	139	List	Mid
492	Female sperm	4,183	139	Start	Mid
493	Courtship display	4,172	139	C	Low
494	Nature Communications	4,146	138	Start	Low
495	Entoptic phenomenon	4,114	137	C	Low
496	Endogeny (biology)	4,101	136	Stub	Low
497	Trace fossil	4,087	136	B	Mid
498	Aristotle's biology	4,087	136	GA	High
499	Invasive earthworms of North America	4,066	135	Start	Low
500	Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact	4,062	135	GA	Low

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